Throughout the 200 years or so (1821–present) Greece has undergone an evolution, towards establishing itself as a modern nation state. During this period both within Greece and among the diaspora, Greeks confronted various challenges, including conflicts over territorial boundaries, political unrest and the task of unifying diverse regions. Between the 1800s and the 1900s Greece expanded its borders, including islands such as Cyprus and territories with significant Greek populations. During this era there was a renewed sense of pride driven by initiatives to preserve culture and the establishment of institutions. Greece encountered the challenges posed by two World Wars and a harsh civil war that significantly shaped its political landscape. After World War II the nation set out on a journey towards modernization and economic development leading to its membership in the European Union in 1981. Today Greece is a nation, with a deep-rooted history and vibrant culture. It strives to uphold its traditions while grappling with contemporary challenges, including economic reforms and migration issues.